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The "Ao-iga-warabi" (Diplazium kawakamii) belongs to the family Woodsiaceae. It is an evergreen fern that is distributed Yakushima in Japan, as well as Taiwan, and the southeastern part of Yunnan Province, China. It grows on the forest floor of evergreen broad-leaved forests and reaches a height of 50 to 70 cm. The rhizome is erect. The petioles are thick and arranged in bundles, and are characterized by brown, spine-like scales. The leaves are large and range from three-times pinnately compound to four-times pinnately deeply lobed. The pinnae are oblong-lanceolate. The sori are oblong and located at the base of the leaf veins. It suffers severe browsing damage from Yaku Island sika deer and is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the Ministry of the Environment's Red List. In Taiwanese Chinese, it is called "川上氏雙蓋蕨", and in Chinese, it is known as "柄鱗雙蓋蕨" (bing lin shuang gai jue).
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